[1] 此文中的法语”coup d`etat”(武力政变)一词所指与德语”putsch”(政变)相同。
[2] 可参考Rosemary H.T. O’Kane, The Likelihood of Coups, (Aldershot, England etc.: Avebury, 1987), p. 1; Steven R. David, Defending Third World Regimes from Coups d’Etat (Lanham, Maryland etc.: University Press of America, 1985), p.4; J. Craig Jenkins and Augustine J. Kposowa, “The Political Origins of African Military Coup: Ethnic Competition, Military Centrality, and the Struggle over the Postcolonial State” in International Studies Quarterly (1992), Vol. 36, pp. 271-272; Steven R. David, Third World Coups d’ Etat and International Security (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. 1-2; Steven R. David, “The Superpower Competition for Influence in the Third World ” in Samuel P. Huntington, Editor, The Strategic Imperative: New Policies for American Security (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger, 1982) p.236. 引文直接摘自O’Kane, The Likelihood of Coups, p. 1,and Jenkins and Kposowa, “The Political Origins of American Military Coups”, p. 271.
[3] David, Third World Coups d’Etat and International Security, p. 153-154, and O’Kane, The Likelihood of Coups, p. 135.
[4] 行政上实际的紧急行动可以迅速迫使放弃政变意图而不至构成武力政变,并恢复正常的宪政程序。
[5] 请参阅O’Kane, The Likelihood of Coups, 也可对照Jenkins和Kposowa, “The Origins of African Military Coups.”
[6]根据其动机与影响来分类,第叁世界的国家中有六种军事政变的型式存在,相关探讨可参阅Steven R. David, Third World Coups d’Etat and International Security (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), pp. 13-16.
[7] David, Defending Third World Regimes form Coups d’Etat, pp. 4 -5.
[8] 这个辞来自於西班牙文的autogolpe, 是拉丁美洲在1990年代早期用来描述这类事件的辞汇。
[9] 这并不是否认在某些状况下,外国的干涉有封锁或甚至有推翻政变的可能性,特别是在有压倒性的军事力量介入时,如1983年美国在格瑞那达所采取的军事行动。但重点是这些例子只是一些例外,而且这样的手段并非完全可靠的。如果外国势力采取入侵的方式,他们对情势的掌控也是背离当地的民意。
当采用威胁的政策或采取军事干涉来封锁武力政变时,很容易低估了美国或任何未来的超强国家所会面对到的困难,Steven R. David就指出:「用大规模军事威胁来保护既有的政权比起可以针对本土的武力政变所涉及的问题来设计出保护领导阶层的策略更显得困难重重。」(David, “The Superpower Competition for Influence in the Third World”, p. 242.)
[10] 此事件之描述乃根据Wilfred Harris Crook, The General Strike (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1931), pp. 496-527; Donald Goodspeed, The Conspirators (New York: Viking, 1962), pp. 108-188; Eroch Eyck, A History of the Weimar Republic (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1962), vol. 1, pp. 129-160; Karl Roloff (pseud.: Karl Ehrlich). “Den Ikkevoldelige Modstand: den Kvalte Kapp-Kupet,” in K. Ehrlich, N. Lindberg, and G.Jacobsen, editors, Kamp Uden Vaaben (Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, Einar Munksgaard, 1937), pp. 194-213; and John Wheeler-Bennett, The Nemesis of Power (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1953), pp. 63-82. See also Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Poter Sargent, 1973), pp. 40-41 and 79-81.
[11] 此事件的描述是根据Adam Roberts, “Civil Resistance to Military Coups”, Journal of Peace Research (Oslo), vol. xii, no. 1 (1975), pp. 19-36. 所有引文皆源自此处。
[12] 此一九九一八月苏维埃政变描述是根据Bruce Jenkins和Gene Sharp 共同出版的Self-Reliant Defense Without Bankruptcy or War (Cambridge, Mass.: Albert Einstein Institution, 1992), pp.16-19. 还有根据下列的资料来源:The Boston Globe, 20-23 August 1991; The Economist, 24-30 August 1991; Stuart H. Loory and Ann Imse, Seven Days That Shook The World, CNN Reports, (Atlanta: Turner Publishing, Inc.: 1991); Newsweek, 2 September 1991; The New Yorker, 4 November 1991; The New York Times, 20-25 August 1991; Time, 2 September 1991; The Washington Post, 21 August 1991.
[13] 这样的分类是根据Lars Porsholt而来的。参阅Lars Porsholt, “On the Conduct of Civilian Defence” in T. K. Mahadevan, Adam Roberts, and Gene Sharp, editors, Civilian Defense: An Intorduction (New Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation, and Bombay: Baratiya Vidya Bhavan, 1967), pp. 145-149.
[14] 想获得对非暴力奋斗的战略原则更深入的探讨,可参阅Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century (Westport, Connecticut and London: Praeger, 1994). 也可参阅Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle: Twentieth Century Practice and Twenty-first Century Potential. Forthcoming.
[15] 参阅Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, pp. 586-620.
[16] 参阅Gene Sharp, From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. Bangkok: Committee for the Restoration of Democracy in Burma, 1933 and Boston: Albert Einstein Institution, 2002.
[17] 泰国宪法。可以在以下网址找到:www.krisdika.go.th/law/text/lawpub/e11102540/text.htm 此网站的英语翻译经过认证。